The Major Theories Of Aging And How They Coincide With...

Education is an important aspect of life no matter what age you are at and many seniors continue to want to learn as they get older. For older adults to be able to pursue education there are some obstacles that they may face, one of which is long walks from the parking spaces to the classroom and the cost of parking can deter them when even one class requires you to go to campus multiple times a week (Novak, 2012). A third reason is that they may have memories from when they were in school when they were younger (Novak, 2012). Not all older people go back to school to earn more money, some are focused on helping others with their education and not worried about the money (Novak, 2012). Throughout this paper I will look at some of the major theories of aging and how they coincide with education as an older person, staring with the life span development model. The life span development theory adopted the constructs of life stage and developmental tasks, both of which can influence not only everyday life, but also a person’s career (Jepsen Dickson, 2003). When we look at how tasks are completed with the life span development theory it shows that tasks are mastered based on age, this can reflect on how an older person may perform when they go back for further education (Jepsen Dickson, 2003). As we master task at one stage of aging it helps us to be able to move onto the next stage and build onto those tasks just like education does (Jepsen Dickson, 2003). WithShow MoreRelatedDevelopment Of Professional Nursing For Registered Nurses1626 Words   |  7 Pagesclinical practice and leadership through coursework that includes research, statistics, population-based care, nursing management, and the humanities† (Haverkamp, Ball, 2013). 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Children who are in the middle stage of their child hood are developing the skill of self-evaluation that is aging around six to twelve years of age. Their prime adaptive ego quality will be competence. A sexual assaulted adolescent at this point of their lives will detach themselves from society (Winograd, 2010). Adolescents are vulnerable and are likely toRead MoreScope of Demography8788 Words   |  36 PagesDemography, Scope, Perspectives and Theory J C Caldwell 1 November 2000 Demography: Scope, Perspectives and Theory John C. Caldwell Health Transition Centre National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University Canberra The term â€Å"demography† has been widely used in English-speaking countries only from the mid -twentieth century. Earlier, â€Å"population studies† or, revealingly, â€Å"population problems† had been the common usage. There is still an inclination to restrictRead MoreMyerhoff: An Anthropologist? Essay3813 Words   |  16 Pagesand validation in the twentieth century, stresses the importance of accounting for all of the components of a culture. The concept requires an understanding of each subsystem, which dictates certain aspects of the culture being studied. With this theory as basis for her approach, Myerhoff is faced with the difficult task of piecing together the many parts contributing to the formation of the culture at the Center, while simultaneously recognizing the distinctions between the acting subsystems. SometimesRead More The Henry Wiggen Novels of Mark Harris3720 Words   |  15 Pageswriters of serious fiction, an odd fact considering how deeply ingrained in North American culture sport is, and how obviously and passionately North Americans care about it as participants and spectators. 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(CarmichaelRead MoreThe Role of Gender in Consumer Behavior4442 Words   |  18 Pagesare is very much a combination of our experiences and our genetic code. In this context, understanding the role of gender role in society is extremely important when looking at how people perceive and react to various stimuli. This paper reviews how males and females differ biologically, psychologically and culturally, and how these factors can influence consumer behavior. Due to the complexity of this issue (e.g. ethnic background, family value system, mother/infant relationship, sibling/parental interactionsRead MoreRise of Brics Economy and Its Impact on Global Stock Markets9547 Words   |  39 Pagesgrowth by China and India than US. The world sees BRICS as the emerging economies and many enterprises has started moving out to these countries as they look promising. With China emerging as a superpower followed by India, BRICS has turned into major player in the global economy, that is expected by the world economists to shape the 21st century. This paper aims to study the trends, similarities and patterns in the activities and movements of the BRICS economy to its other counterparts, as

Should Gay Marriages Be Allowed - 1056 Words

Gay Marriages In Georgia Imagine that when a person is born there is a generator and the parents will get to choose what their baby looks like when they get older. The generator consists of how tall the person will be, the eye color, and also the skin tone. What if the parents got to choose the personality as well? The individual would never be able to express themselves. What if the parents dislike gays and told the child that they could never be gay. The individual could never express their true personality because they were born â€Å"not to be gay.† This is where the bible will come into play. Even though the bible says that a relationship should be with one man and one woman, people in Georgia should be able to marry anyone who pleases them and treats them appropriately because everyone should be content; they deserve the ideal relationship and everyone should have the opportunity to find the person that is meant for them. In the Civil War Amendments, the Fourteenth Amen dment had by far the most far reaching effects on the Constitution. It promises â€Å"equal protection of the laws.† In section one, it says that any person has the right to life, liberty, or property within its jurisdiction to equal protection of the laws. The pursuit of happiness is to freely pursue joy and live happy, as long as they do not violate the rights of others. Homosexuals are not harming anyone in any way. There was a time when African Americans were also discriminated against. For instance, if aShow MoreRelatedShould Gay Marriage Be Allowed?2234 Words   |  9 Pages Should Gays and Lesbians be allowed to raise children? Same Sex marriage has really come out of the darkness and into society’s spotlight. It has increasingly become one of the most controversial issues in the United State of America and around the world. The public opinion varies by race, gender, class, culture, religion and in the political arena. Perhaps there have been positive shifts in attitudes towards gay marriages. This paper I will go through the impact of marital, family statue, andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Not Be Allowed Anywhere On This Earth.1023 Words   |  5 PagesGay Marriage should not be allowed anywhere on this Earth. Charles Colson, a contributing editor of the Christianity Today magazine and a radio commentator, was against gay marriage in his article, he wrote â€Å"Gay â€Å"Marriage†: Societal Suicide.† Many people can flood both sides of this argument, but are mainly against gay marriages. Gay marriage is a sin, violates the natural law, children should be raised by a mother and fath er, and the rights should not be equal if they choose to disobey God. HoweverRead MoreEssay about Sexual Ethics: Gay Marriage Should Not Be Allowed1343 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s news and media, it seems that the topic of homosexuality and whether it is morally acceptable or unacceptable is brought up on a daily occurrence. Many individuals believe that homosexuality is a problem and ceremonies such as gay marriage should not be allowed. However, what is it that makes homosexuality considered wrong? Critics argue that homosexuality goes against the Bible—the word of God—and is immoral. The issue of homosexuality, however, is argued further when considering the topicRead MoreGays Should Be Legal Contract1290 Words   |  6 PagesGays Should Be Allowed To Marry Calling something marriage does not make it marriage. Marriage is a legal contract between a man and a woman. It is the institution that establishes kinship and relations in the family. Marriage is mostly recognized by a state, organization, religious authority, local community, or peers. Marriage is for procreation, education, the unity, and well-being of the couple. Some say marriage is for two people who love each other and ready for commitment. Nevertheless, inRead MoreEssay about Lets Legalize Gay Marriage872 Words   |  4 PagesLet’s Legalize Gay Marriage Gay marriage is a right. Heterosexual couples are allowed to enjoy all the marriage benefits, so why shouldn’t same-sex couples be able to? Why should other people be able to choose who marries who? If a man and a woman get married, no one seems to care. Gay marriage should be legal because it’s an issue of equal rights, it would save society money, and it will increase the chances for foster children to be adopted into loving families. Same-sex marriage is an issueRead MoreGay Marriage and Its Issues1260 Words   |  6 PagesGay Marriage and its Issues Gay marriage has been an issue for a very long time and since some states are legalizing it, many worry that it would soon be added as an amendment. The topic of gay marriage brings up religious, legal, and many other issues. In Whats wrong with Gay Marriage? by Katha Pollitt, the author supports gay marriage and wants it legalized. She states that there is no problem with gay marriage and its all a matter of separating the church and state. But in â€Å"Gay ‘Marriage’:Read MoreSame Sex Marriages Should Be Legal1713 Words   |  7 PagesSame-sex marriages have a same gender identity or biological as gay and lesbian couples. Not a long time ago, people did not understand about gays, homosexualities, and these married situations. Therefore, they have many false ideas about gays and think homosexuality is against God and nature. After many years, gay people fought for same-sex rights and had many improvements in understanding these relations. Besides, more people had open minds to homosexuality and accepted gay marriages. AccordingRead MoreShould Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized in the United States Essay1399 Words   |  6 PagesDebate Paper Should same sex marriage be legalized in the United States? 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Wouldn’t that tear you apart inside?. â€Å"The Human Rights Campaign Foundation states thatRead MoreSame Sex Marriage Is The Legal Union Essay1562 Words   |  7 PagesAbout Company Legal Site Map Contact Advertise ï‡ º ï‡ ¼ ï‡ ½  ©2015 StudyMode.com Home Same-sex marriage Same Sex Marriage Same Sex Marriage Civil union, Homosexuality, Marriage By kwhite89 Mar 16, 2015 1510 Words 56 Views More info ï„” PDF View Text View Page 6 of 6

The processing of information begins Free Essays

The processing of information begins when energy as the idea of irritant reaches one or more of five senses of the human being. This contact takes place while physical approach to the irritant, which stirs to activity one or several senses. This idea demands from side, which executes communication, to choose those means of information transfer, personal or mass, which are able to embrace the target market. We will write a custom essay sample on The processing of information begins or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, when a person contacts with quite strong stimulus, his sensory perceptions become more active, and coded information transfers to his brains via nerve fibers. This effect is called sensation, which is influenced by the following three threshold determinations: 1. The lower (or absolute) threshold: it means the minimum quantity of stimulating energy or intensity, which is necessary to form the sensation. 2. The Extreme threshold: the point, in which additional increasing of stimulus intensity doesn’t affect the sensation. 3. Differential threshold: the minimum change of irritant intensity, which can be noticed by human being (Dictionary of Marketing and Advertising, p. 74). Some researchers of buyer behavior think that intensity of the irritant should be at least at minimum (absolute) threshold in order to make some influence on a buyer. The other think that irritants which are below the absolute threshold can influence the buyer as well – so-called conception of subconscious persuasion. We know that our sensory detection abilities go into a decline when we are getting older, so it is interesting to find out a way marketers appeal to the elderly people. The other thing we need to take into consideration is that during the life we are getting used to different sensation, so we have to increase the level of absolute threshold to attract attention. So, what is attention, particularly? It can be determined as direction of cognitive resources to process the irritant. One of the main difficulties for commercial company is to make a consumer to focus attention on some definite information, which has to be reported. Due to some sources, average consumer looks through three hundred advertisements per day. Average TW viewer looks through more then one hundred TV ads. It is pity, but a lot of such materials cannot attract attention, which is necessary to make some influence. The same situation you can see in trading as well. There are from 18 till 20 thousand different types of consumer goods in assortment of typical supermarket. The main problem there is marking out of one item from plenty of analogs at the market shelf and attracting of consumer’s attention as well. The factors which influence distribution of consumer’s limited resources can be divided into two main groups: personal (individual) and factors which have concern to stimulus. Besides, some emotional conditions of personality are used in publicity, such as feeling of self-confidence, reliability, self-satisfaction, creative abilities of human being, objects of love, strength, family traditions, immortality, etc. The second group of factors is called determinants, which relay to stimulus, it means these are characteristics of stimulus. The can be controlled, it means somebody can manipulate by them in order to increase or decrease the attention. So, it means that they are used quite often by companies in their struggle for buyer attention (Consumer Behavior, pp. 103-105). Let’s examine some factors used in order to attract the buyer’s attention by the example of elderly people, taking into consideration their peculiarities we spoke about a page before. Size: To tell the truth, the stronger irritant is, the higher is a probability that it will attract attention. In case you enlarge the size of printed advertisement, you’ll increase chances to attract buyer’s attention. Probability that the object will be seen in the shop, depends on size or quantity of trade space for this definite item. This is mostly important for impulse shopping, where sale depends partially from the fact how many place is given for the item. As elderly people often have poor eyesight, it is important to take into account size of type – it should better be bigger, then letters, typed on the items which are aimed for younger people. Some pharmaceutical companies make medicines which mostly are used by elderly people and write information for these medicines by big letters, in order to see description clearly. Color is also one of important factors. Color advertisements can increase sale for 41% more, than their black and white analogs. Moreover, some colors can attract attention more, then the other. We can examine some meanings of colors here. Red color – color of determination, can arouse strong desire to make some deed, for example to buy some item. Orange color can add activity, but at the same time will give the feeling if internal balance and spiritual harmony. Yellow color inclines to communication. It is the color of open mind and communication, at the same time it is able to provide the thing with intellect, so this is the reason that a lot of Hi-tech companies make their advertising in yellow color. Green is good in publicity of medicines, health centers. Pink increases the feelings, so it can be used in perfumery, goods for women and children, family centers etc. Blue is a color of peace and harmony, dark-blue – helps to concentrate at the very necessary. In 1959 Ris made a test (color Lusher test) in medical clinics of Leipzig University and tested 1000 people of different age, from children till elderly. He found that young people, especially in the age before 25, prefer red color. The elder people are, the more they like dark colors (Journal of Advertising, p. 15). Still, it is very difficult to influence attention of elderly people also because they due to their life experience can resist the publicity and advertising more then young people or children. LG Company made a mobile phone, which is specialized for elderly people. Marketers understand that it is quite difficult for elderly people to see small letters, press small buttons as well as learn new technologies. Still, the majority of elderly people prefer a basic number of functions – it means the idea â€Å"A telephone should be used to make calls only†, so LG made this telephone with elementary functions only. Big buttons and low price – are two factors by opinion of LG, which should satisfy demands of elderly. This model (LG NS1000) allows only making calls and receiving/sending SMS. Japan manufacturers of automobiles intend to start a new line of special automobiles for elderly people. As local Mass Media informs, such new and clever auto will help the driver to brake and to turn the wheel. They plan assembly-line production of such cars from the beginning of 2006. Auto will have numerous sensors and cameras, which can read all movements of hands, legs and eyes of driver and will determine mistakes in driving. At present time specialists analyze influence of age changes for physical reaction of driver and his ability to estimate situation on the road. In accordance with results a special computer program will be created to help elderly drivers. A prototype of new car is already developed, which will have speed till 60 km/h. The creators of new auto consider that this novelty will be of great success because of increasing quantity of elderly drivers in Japanese society. The cost of such a novelty will be approx. 9-13 thousand dollars. Now, let’s make the excursion to Austria, where one of the trading concerns makes an interesting experiment: this concern opened two supermarkets especially for elderly people. This experiment is interesting before all because representatives of the elder generation traditionally aren’t attractive group for retail trade: seems that they don’t have much money, and their demands are quite modest†¦ Still, almost in all European countries fast ageing of society takes place, and quantity of elderly people is increasing more and more†¦ So this supermarket in Vienna is a kind of test place, where technologies of servicing of quite specific client sphere, which is constantly increasing and becomes more important, take place. At the first sight, this is a very ordinary supermarket: long rows of shelves, relaxing music from dynamics†¦ But if you be attentive, you can notice some differences. For example, figures at the price-list: they are bigger, then usual. Some of shelves have magnifying glasses, in order the client will be able to see inscription at the goods, which are usually typed by small font. Besides, you can ask the cashier to give you glasses for reading. Just near the exit you can see a comfortable bench to have a rest, near it – the device to measure blood pressure. The cart for shopping has special hanger in order to put there a walking stick. The gangway between shelves is bigger then in usual supermarkets, and floor in the shop is made of special material, so legs don’t slide. Moreover, the shelves are made in such a special manner that elder person doesn’t have to bend down or stretch for goods he needs. All those novelties were highly appreciated by the clients. How to cite The processing of information begins, Papers

Political Art in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essay Example For Students

Political Art in the 19th and 20th Centuries Essay The visual artist plays a very unique role in society. Not only can an artist be inspired by his surrounding culture, but in fact, he can also inspire his surrounding culture. In this way, artwork can have a profound affect on society. Artists throughout history have been inspired by a variety of different circumstances. Whether it is personal relationships, morality, social, or political issues, art is influenced through every facet of our lives. It can also be said that art itself can equally influence these aspects of our world. There have been many artists throughout the ages that have recognized this powerful idea and have used it to their advantage. None, however, are more apparent than those artists who have exercised this power to make political statements. The political artist has undoubtedly played a very important role in our world, and their artwork is evidence of the fact. I will compare and contrast, through use of examples, how artists of the 19th and 20th centuries have used their art as a political statement. As the 19th century began, we saw the Neoclassical period draw to an end and give way to Romanticism. Although he did most of his work before the turn of the century, Jacques-Louis David is one Neoclassical artist who recognized his influence in the political scene. David, who was the official artist of the Revolutionary Government (Gombrich 485), mainly used his artwork as political propaganda for Napoleons military campaign. In 1801 he painted Napoleon Crossing the Saint-Bernard (Stokstad 470) which depicts an idealized Napoleon on a great white horse, decorated in heroic outfit. Instead of depicting him on a donkey, which is what really occurred, David chose to highlight the heroic event by placing him on a grand white steed instead. By using his artwork in this form, David was stating to the country that these were heroic actions that Frances political leaders were engaged in, and subsequently influenced many people. Although he was paid by the French political leaders, his art was most definitely a very influential political statement. The Romantic period produced another artist of the 19th century who also utilized his abilities to make political statements, Francisco Goya. One of his most obvious attempts to use his art in this way can be seen in his Third of May, 1808, finished in 1815. The painting shows the random executions of the Spanish citizenry (Weems, The Third of May) as a result of the Frenchs occupation of Spain. While he was originally welcoming to the French enlightenment Napoleons brutality eventually ended whatever affection he had for the French (Weems, The Third of May). As a result, Goya painted this piece, and although it was after the fact, it was used to warn men never to do it again (Stokstad 475). In a political statement toward all future monarchs, Goyas work cannot be overlooked. To exemplify the influence of his work, we can note that after the Napoleonic Wars were over, Ferdinand had promised to rule with a written constitution. But when he went back on this promise this sparked a liberal revolt in Spain in the 1820s which was brutally suppressed (Weems, The Third of May). Not to be outdone by the 19th century artists, the 20th century might be considered the greatest period of political statement in art. Most of the ideas and controversies revolved around the two World Wars and the impact that the Great Depression had throughout the world. In the beginning of the 20th century, one thing that is very notable is the fact that painters shocked the public by refusing to see only the bright side of things (Gombrich 568). This was largely seen in the various expressionist movements throughout Europe. Although having no direct political objective, works like Oskar Kokoshckas Children Playing, created in 1909, were instrumental in inspiring some of the centurys later artists. .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .postImageUrl , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:hover , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:visited , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:active { border:0!important; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:active , .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6d36f490bdd7a9bc1def953e2f0227ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seligram, Inc.answer EssayIn this particular Die Brucke painting, two children are depicted in awkward. disharmonies (Gombrich 569) which starkly contrasted the accepted portrayal of children as pretty and content. These expressionistic movements laid the groundwork for the political art to come. One standout artist whose work was directly related to political changes was Dorothea Lange. Lange, a student of New York photography, was hired by the Farm Securities Administration to photograph the plight of the rural American worker. In one of her most famous photographs, Migrant Mother, a 32 year old mother of 10 is depicted with a bleak look on her face, surrounded by two young children. The picture, taken in 1936, was used as political propaganda to show that the poor in America were suffering immensely. She also documented the plight of Japanese Americans during World War II after they were ordered to armed camps following the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Lange created images that frequently juxtapose signs of human courage and dignity with physical evidence of the indignities of incarceration (Women: Come to the Front, 1). Without political statements like Langes, which depicted Americans in their natural forms, much of the suffering would have been easily forgotten. The last movement of the 20th century that I will touch on is the Avant-Garde in mid 20th century Germany. Henri de Saint-Simon described the philosophy behind this movement in one swift statement; We, the artists, will serve as the avant-garde: for amongst all the arms at our disposal, the power of the Arts is the swiftest and most expeditious (Avant-Gardes 1). He is describing the influence that art can have on the political and social scene and this is what German Avant-Garde artists hoped to accomplish during the 1930s. To accomplish this they relied on modernized structure, and many painters even used intense depictions of German soldiers defeated in WWI were considered unpatriotic (Stokstad 557). Because of this, the movement was crushed by the Nazi regime and many of the works from this period were burned or destroyed. In this example of political art, which sought to bring about political and social change, the movement was destroyed, but not unsuccessful. In analyzing the various forms of political statement that I have given as examples between the 19th and 20th centuries, there are a few things to note. Political art is not always as direct as we might think, like it is shown in Goya, David, and Langes work, but it can also be manifest in indirect ways like Kokoshcka and the Avant-Garde artists in Germany. We can also see that the styles and forms are not directly related to the political goals, yet may be indirectly related. The examples show a variety of styles; Neoclassicism (David), Romanticism (Goya), Expressionism (Kokoshcka), and Realism (Lange). However, taking this into account, we can also see that the style chosen can in fact add to the effect that a certain piece has on its intended viewer, as we can see in Kokoshckas work. Although these are just a few of the many examples of the ways in which art has interacted with politics throughout modern history, it is easy to see the far reaching effects. Not only does art seek to describe its environment, but more importantly art also seeks to influence its environment. Only after understanding the contributions art has made throughout our cultural history, can its ideas and value be truly appreciated.

Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry Essay Example

Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry Essay Neal Perry is one of the major characters in the Peter Weir 1989 film Dead Poet’s Society which starred Robin Williams as Professor John Keating who inspired the lives of his students at Welton Academy. Actor Robert Sean Leonard portrays Neal Perry and plays as a pressured student who is passionate about theatre. In this film, family plays a large role in the development of the plot and the characters in the film most especially Neil Perry’s family who later can be assumed as the reason for Neil’s suicide. His parents are presented in the film as the typical aristocrats who hold themselves responsible for their child’s future career. Mr. Perry is a father who dictates what he and his wife think is the best for Neil without considering his interests. Clearly, this puts Neil in a very frustrating situation as he struggles to pursue his dreams and please his parents. Her mother who at some point can be regarded as softer than his father, she also contributes to the pressure being put upon Neil. They want him to become a doctor someday which reveals that they want him to be in a profession where there is a stable income. Being an actor clearly does not appeal to them as the profession does not always provide stability. Also, it can be assumed that Neil’s parents are also dictated by the society around. They are also victims of conformity who want to establish their reputation in the higher class of their society. We will write a custom essay sample on Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Family in Dead Poet’s Society’s Neil Perry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer John Keating, the English professor of Neil Perry has definitely influenced his way of thinking. Mr. Keating inspired him to â€Å"Seize the day† and pursue his dreams despite the dictates of his family or society. Neil responds to this by pursuing a role in William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream. He does so without the consent of his parents. However, the move just worsens his situation as he is instructed to leave Welton to enter a military school. Apparently, Neil believes he had had enough of his parents’ dictates in his life that he finally resorts to suicide. In Neil’s situation, it is quite hard to determine whether it is Mr. Keating’s teachings that led him to taking his life. What Mr. Keating intends to teach is non-conformity—for students to practice freedom and pursue their dreams for their own fulfillment. For this matter, it can be assumed that Neil would not have taken suicide if he had not met Mr. Keating. It is Mr. Keating who taught him to pursue his dreams no matter what and his act of taking the role of Puck in A Midsummer Night’s Dream led his parents to have him quit school for military. Before Mr. Keating, Neil has always been the obedient child who always followed his parent’s orders. Without Mr. Keating, he would not have auditioned for the character role for it would be disobedience to his parents. Without Mr. Keating, he would probably be still stuck in the medicine field too weak to stand up for his own and defend himself to his parents. He would not have known freedom and would still have conformed to the rules of his family and society. His passion in acting would not have been ignited by Mr. Keating’s teachings. Clearly, Mr. Keating has influenced his way of thinking that led him to become more frustrated in life. However, suicide is not acceptable as the only way out. With Mr. Keating’s teachings of non-conformity, Neil could have pursued his dreams by himself and detach himself from his tyrannical parents. He could have made a living of his own by accepting acting roles. In addition, he could have asked Mr. Keating for help. Mr. Keating could have talked to his parents and convinced them that their son is not a machine that they could run by themselves. He needs to have a life of his won. There are a lot of other ways to solve his predicament without him taking his life. Clearly, his parents have become too much of a burden for him emotionally that a boy of his intelligence was unable to think straight in such a hard time. In this film, the purpose of one’s family is given emphasis as the major supporter of one’s life. Neil Perry has lost all the support that he needs when his parents forced him into things that he does not want to do. His family is unable to understand his passion which creates a discrepancy in his way of living that he resorts to suicide. One’s family is as important as the air that we breathe. Living without their support can clearly make life miserable in ways that it makes life feel unworthy.

The Great Gatsby and The American Dream

The Great Gatsby and The American Dream The long sought, after "American Dream" may have only been a dream for Gatsby. He simply wanted too much of what really isn't there. A minor changing of the past is what really led to the demise of his dream. Daisy was under much stress, and her ability to think clearly was clouded. Instead of letting things work out with Daisy and Tom, Gatsby decided to intervene, ultimately crushing his hopes of ever being with Daisy.Due to Americans being very materialistic, the American dream can never be attained. Say a person bought his dream house, and had his dream car, eventually, that person will want a newer, bigger, better house. It's a big circle. It is called "American" dream because in other, poorer countries are grateful with what they receive, not always wanting to upgrade their ideals. Having this "dream" is extremely important though. Without having one, it doesn't give anyone hope of ever aspiring to work harder for it.My American DreamThis dream is part of the reason why America is the way it is.Gatsby failed at attaining his goals because he simply wanted too much. He pushes Daisy to the extreme limits of her emotions, eventually driving her overboard. His main idea of having Daisy was not too much, but the lengths he went through were too much. Gatsby, letting Daisy driving the car was the biggest mistake he made. If anything, it brought Tom and Daisy together closer to stick with the same stories on Myrtle's death. Throwing elaborate parties, changing history, forcing an illusion to come together, will not work unless the pieces fall together naturally."Can't change the past? Of course you can, old sport," stated by Gatsby, shows that he truly believes the past is not set in stone. He tries to...

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

North Korea - Essay Example One, there is a need for these major economies to impose enormous economic sanctions and lack of cooperation to ensure these countries doesn’t run smoothly, and these go a long way in minimizing some of this dictatorial leadership. For instance, they could be by avoiding their export and importing to them. United States and China could otherwise pursue a more but stern approach. This can be through the assistance of the United Nations to develop policies to be adopted by these countries and if possible change the leadership through fair and transparent election conducted by United Nations. This can start with diplomacy and bilateral dialogue amongst them. The fundamental root of the production of extremism and even violation of human rights by various leadership lies in a culture of oppressive political exclusion, added with religious bigotry, changing the political culture particularly by the United States would involve laying radical reforms and staring the country to a democratic culture that again would mean change of leadership even if it means use of military by help of United Nation Security Council. Change of leadership in many of such countries is seen more often than not as a new dawn especially through a fair democratic process (Song,

Write an essay about the movie stand and deliver

Write an about the movie stand and deliver - Essay Example Escalante knew of the Garfield High School as one of the most East Los Angele’s notorious barrios from the onset. He knew it was a place whereby poor, hardened street kid were never supposed to master mathematics, algebra, trigonometry and calculus based on their cultural legacies. However, the prior knowledge shaped Escalante mode of teaching. Accordingly, he believed that a teacher should at no point, let his students give up. He therefore, decided to love the subject and children he taught to make the kids see that they have an opportunity to become whatever they wish to be in the future. Therefore, Escalante inspired, cajoled and taunted young kids who were troubled to see themselves as they could be and never as they were. Subsequently, for Escalante to accomplish this, embraced a teaching strategy based on the ganas that meant drive or desire in Spanish terms. Therefore, ganas became his battle cry, as he always chided apathetic administrators’ as well jaded teach ers alongside being a powerful word for motivating his students. We see how other teachers thought Escalante (played by Edward James Olmos) was joking when he ultimately declared his interest in teaching calculus. The knowledge of the kids cultural legacies made him adopt such a teaching strategy in which his children ate, slept and lived mathematics. He made it a rule that the children were to arrive an hour before school and stayed two, three hours after school. He drilled his students on Saturdays as well as made summer school mandatory. This was hated by some parents who were harboring cultural legacies who even went further to let Escalante know the dissents. He became successful and by 1991, 600 Garfield students were taking Advanced Placement exams. This was not only in mathematics but also in other subjects, something unheard of at the time. Escalante had a

International Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Environment - Assignment Example The achievement of independence in India was followed by the implementation of mixed economic system for growth and development in long run. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that the new mixed economic system was introduced with the aim of developing both private and public sectors. However, in contrast neo-liberal policy focuses on replacing the old mixed economic system with developing private sectors respectively. The neo-liberal policies further facilitates global governing authorities of other nations to bring changes to the neoliberal policies of India respectively (World Bank, 2015). The importance of this study is to understand the concept of neo-liberalism and its differences with the other economic policies as well as its effects on the society. Additionally, the study will outline the effects of neo-liberalism in India and its contribution in growth and development. Furthermore, the paper examines the impact of neo-liberal policy on social, cultural and economic poli cy of India.The concept of ‘Neo-Liberalism’ is associated with approach in economic theories where shift in economic factors can be observed between private sectors as well as public sectors with the aim of enhancing the position of the economy. However, the neo-liberalism policy mainly focuses on the private sector rather than public. The implementation of the new-liberalism policy within the economy enables the government minimise the shortage of monetary resources, amount of loans provided to organisations as subsidies

History of the Transgender and Transsexual Community

History of the Transgender and Transsexual Community Ashley Staten When a child is born, the parents often wait to hear Congratulations, its a boy or its a girl from the doctor. In rare cases the doctor will hesitate and try to find words to describe it as the anatomy is neither male or female or has both, a condition is known as intersex. What happens when this child at puberty or even earlier age begins acting opposite of their biological sex in terms of their gender expression (Haas and Russell, 2010). The society will not approve, the parents will try to seek for help or attempt to correct this child while the child will undergo numerous struggle or identity crisis plus internal and external conflicts. This is the reality of Transgender. They feel like they are wearing the wrong body. Transgender or transsexual refers to one born with typical male or female anatomies but internally they feel like a person of the opposite sex. A man will feel like a woman in a mans body and likewise for a woman. Its the internal expression of gender identity. They usually seek to rectify their condition by seeking sexual reassignment through takings hormones and surgical processes. In reference to themselves, transgendered people will have others refer them as he, she they or ze for pronouns. While transgender is a common phenomenon in the world, it is mostly in the West that is America and Europe that individuals will come out and actually undergo change. In other continents like Africa and Middle East, transgender people do exist but might be hesitant in expressing it because of religious, social, legislative and medical restrictions (Haas and Russell, 2010). This research will, therefore, seek to narrow down to America which is perceived to have a more liberal approach towards g ender identity and expression. In 1885, the UK passed the criminal law act which illegalized homosexual practice; this was replicated all throughout Europe. Homosexuals such as Ernest (Stella) Boulton and Fred (Fanny) Park were publicly tried and punished in 1870. People who were facing this crisis, therefore, sought doctors to cure them. A new medical field of sociology developed to deal with this issue. The first sexologist, Kraft-Ebbing (1840-1902) professor of Psychiatrist in Vienna published Psychopathis sexual which was first published from 1877, a pronominal study on transgender. The term transvestite was a word first used by the German Sexologist Magnus Hirschfield which refers to a person who clothes and acts in a manner of the opposite sex. He later developed the Berlin Institute where the first sex change took place. Dr. Felix Abraham performed a mastectomy on a transman in 1926 at the Hirschfields infamous clinic. In 1930, he performed a penectomy on his domestic servant Dora, a vaginoplasty on Lili Elbe, a Danish painter. Lili died less than two years later out of complications. In 1949, the term transsexual was coined and 1977 transgender set. In the UK, Michael (formally Laura) Dillon) had a gender reassignment during the war in which Sir Harold Gilles constructed a penis by the plastic surgeon in the late 1940s. In 1950, the famous all-American girl, blond and beautiful Christine Jorgensen became the media sensational icon when she returned from Denmark where she had undergone the first of a series of surgery. After Dr. Christian Hamburger performed the surgery, he began receiving letters from Americans seeking for advice and help. He would later publish a paper Desire for Change in 1953 addressing those issues. In America having been trained at Hirschfields clinic, Endocrinologist Harry Benjamin, set the first clinic in New York and later San Francisco. He trained a set of psychiatrists and psychotherapists in the treatment of transgender people. He published the first major textbook in 1966 called Transsexual Phenomenon in trying to inform the public the reality of transgender. They are very minimal in numbers. In 2011, The William Institute researched and came out with statistical figures of the transgender community and the issues facing them in the United States of America. The then number of known of transgender community was 0.3% or 700,000. However, this number has doubled to 1.4 million people or 0.6% in 2016, these figures are also subjected to fluctuate due to the multiple awareness programmers. The military had 15,500 transgenders in 2014 serving actively, 134,300 veterans. Out of this 32% were those born male at birth and 5.5% female at birth (Bockting and Coleman, 2013). Transgender community undergoes a lot of discrimination from family members, workplaces, and even schools. Out of 636 companies, only 207 companies provide health care coverage to transgender people, this is according to Human Right Campaign report of 2012. National Transparency Discrimination survey found out that 41% (2644 out of 6450) of transgender people interviewed have attempted suicide at some point due to sexual assault, physical assault or school harassment, and 19% had experienced violence from family members. In public schools, 78% of the transgender people in grades between K-12 had experienced harassment, 35% physical assault and 12% sexual violence, 50% were harassed at work while 26% lost their jobs as soon as their sexual orientation was exposed. 78% of the transgender people feel at ease at work and comfortable after transition (Bockting and Coleman, 2013). In the USA, only 18 states have clear laws protecting transgender people, and according to the American Civil Liberties Union, in 32 states transgendered people can be fired or denied employment. The District of Colombia has the highest number of transgender people, approximately 2.77% or 14550. Other states with high numbers are Hawaii, California, Georgia and New Mexico at between 0.7% to 0.8%. The lowest with 0.3% are North and South Dakota, Iowa, Wyoming, and Montana, According to the National Coalition of Anti-violence programs, 55% of all homicide were transgender, 55% of LGTB victims were transgender, 50% were transgender women of color. The youngest person to undergo gender reassignment was Kim Petras a German musician at 16 years old while Laverne Cox was the first transgender to be nominated at an award show. She was nominated for her role as Sophia Bucket in the Orange Is the New Black show (Clements and Katz, 2001). In April 2015, ABC aired Dianne Sawyers intimate first interview with Caitlyn (formerly Bruce) Jenner. The viewers were 16.9 million, four times the average audience for the show. In America, 16% of people know a person who is transgender in comparison to 87% knew someone who is homosexual. High Expenses, complex processes to fully transgender are also some challenges they undergo since several processes and series of surgeries are required. When a female wants to turn to male, she must undergo several processes like phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, testicular implants, glans plashy, and transposition of the clitoris. These in addition to anesthetic and post-surgery hospital rest should cost between $5,000-100,000. Medical follow-ups are also a cost to be factored. The American culture is mostly shaped by two major ideologies namely the conservative and the liberals. While the conservative mostly are the people who believe in preserving the old cultural religious and moral values, they will mostly include, religious individuals, middle aged to older aged people. They will be pro-life thus anti- abortionists, anti-homosexuality. The other group will include the liberals who believe in individual rights, they will be pro-homosexuality, pro-choice and will mostly include young people middle-aged and minimal aged. This shape the voting pattern whereby the conservatives will vote for a republican president and liberals will vote for a democratic president. Transgender people will mostly vote for the democratic government who accommodates their gender identity (Clements and Katz, 2001). The conservatives feel that transgender is totally wrong through the lens of spiritual convictions. Due to the ongoing transgender debate, conservative feel that they are losing the battle to the transgender. They feel that transgender mania otherwise plagia is a symptom of the Wests decadence and culture collapse. The transgender propagandist is overstating their claims of the multiplicity of their gender and by subjecting their children to some proceedings like taking hormones to slow puberty and surgical manipulations amounts to child abuse. Those who promote liberalism, however, feel that their counterparts are being insensitive in their reasoning and people have a right to choose their gender. Transgender promotes humanitarian liberalism. They believe in own choice and not some moral values dictated in some religious book and actually, they argue that all religious books do not prohibit transgender. Former President Obama who openly supported them was overwhelmingly voted for by transgender and same for Hillary Clinton. They will hardly vote republicans because they believe the republican government is a hindrance to their progress. Marriages also become a challenge for this population. Most conservatives will have religious objections to transgender marriages and conservative religious will even deny them avenue or grounds for conducting ceremonies. This has led to several court battles as the transgender seek to assert their rights (Baral and Beyrer, 2013). Public facilities such as bathroom use are also an area of culture clash. When the state of North Carolina passed the law that transgender people to use the bathroom of the gender stated on their birth certificate, this sparked a public debate with the Obama administration terming the law as State Sponsored Discrimination against transgender (Baral and Beyrer, 2013). He told the entire public school district to allow the transgender students to use bathrooms of their gender identity. For the general public, its still a very conflicting debate. 41% of Americans feels that transgender should use the bathroom for the gender on the birth certificate while the 51% felt that they should use the bathroom for new gender. The transgender community is here to stay. November 20th is an annual celebration of Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR). It honors the memory of those who lost their lives in the acts of anti-transgender violence. It was started by Advocate Gwendolyn Ann Smith in memory of Rita Hester, a transgender woman killed in 1988. It aims to raise awareness on the visibility of transgender and address the issues. Whether society will fully accept transgender people or not, they will continue to fight against discrimination and with each fight, they will make progress towards their goals. References Haas, A. P., Eliason, M., Mays, V. M., Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., DAugelli, A. R., Russell, S. T. (2010). Suicide and suicide risk in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: review and recommendations. Journal of homosexuality, 58(1), 10-51. Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American journal of public health, 103(5), 943-951. Bockting, W. O., Miner, M. H., Swinburne Romine, R. E., Hamilton, A., Coleman, E. (2013). Stigma, mental health, and resilience in an online sample of the US transgender population. American journal of public health, 103(5), 943-951. Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., Guzman, R., Katz, M. (2001). HIV prevalence, risk behaviors, health care use, and mental health status of transgender persons: implications for public health intervention. American journal of public health, 91(6), 915. Baral, S. D., Poteat, T., Strà ¶mdahl, S., Wirtz, A. L., Guadamuz, T. E., Beyrer, C. (2013). Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 13(3), 214-222.

The involvement of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War :: European Europe History

The involvement of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War On the 18 July 1936, leading Generals of the Spanish Army led a revolt against the democratically elected Popular Front government of Spain. Within days the country was plunged into civil war with the Republicans fighting the insurgent Nationalists for control of the country. The various democracies of the world turned their backs on Spain's plight and even hindered the Republicans by supporting non-intervention in the conflict. However, many people came to help the Republic. Las Brigades Internacionales, the International Brigades, would eventually include almost 40,000 men and women from 53 different countries, from all around the world. The International Brigades began as an idea in July and August of 1936, but soon its formation became the main work of the Comintern (the body with the responsibility of fostering the world-wide spread of Communism). Each Communist party was instructed to raise volunteers who would be sent to Spain by train or boat. Around 60% of the volunteers were Communists, but non-Communists were also welcomed. The first group of recruits came to Spain by train from Paris, and arrived at their base in Albacete, halfway between Madrid and Valencia, on the 14th of October. It was there that the 500 French, German and Polish recruits began training. The theme of the recruitment propaganda was based on the slogan that Spain should be "The grave of European Fascism", and with this in mind volunteers continued to flow into Spain from France. One of the organisers of recruits in Paris was the future Marshal Tito - Joseph Broz. In Albacete the volunteers were organised into language groups and the base was put under the command of Andre Marty. The Brigades were to be led by General Emilio Kleber and intensive training was to take place in the base before going to the front. The International Brigades baptism of fire came on the 8th of November 1936, when the XIth and XIIth Brigades went to the Madrid front. They numbered about 3,500 men altogether, and were extremely important to the defence of Madrid. The fighting in Madrid eventually reached stalemate and the Brigades were transferred to other fronts. The XI, XIII and XV Brigades fought at the Brunete offensive of July 1937, where losses were very high, and where Oliver Law, the Afro- American commander of the Lincoln Battalion was killed. The Brigades also played a major part in the Aragon offensive of August 1937, and were formally incorporated into the Republican Army around this time.

Evaluation of Subway’s Branding and its SWOT analysis Essay

NAMEA brand is a combination of name, term, sign, symbol and design intended to identify the goods or services of one seller, which helps him/her to differentiate from those of competitors (Kotler 2006, 269). Subway is first known as Pete’s Super Submarine in 1965. The name was shortened to Subway and it is also then, the first franchised unit was opened in 1974 in Connecticut (Subway 2008). Perhaps, the founder of subway – Fred DeLuca and Dr. Peter Buck – realized the importance of developing a good brand name. There are several desirable qualities for a brand name. It should (i) suggest about the product’s benefits and qualities, (ii) be easy to pronounce, recognize and remember, and (iii) distinctive. Subway has fulfilled all these qualities. Its slogan ‘Eat Fresh† suggests the freshness of the ingredients used for the submarine sandwiches. Also, as Subway offers a wide assortment of products like sandwiches, salads, cookies, potato chips etc, making every visit a fresh one for its consumers. The colour green and the use of tomatoes in the logo symbolize the healthier aspect of Subway’s food products. Subway has a high degree of brand awareness; consumers are able to associate Subway with its submarine sandwiches that are filled with fresh vegetables. The brand name is not offensive; it did not create any inappropriate excitement like French Connection’s provocative slogan – FCUK, which has resulted in many controversies in countries including Singapore. Brand name is very important as a good one can add greatly to a product’s success (Kotler 2006, 273). SUBWAY’S OVERALL STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES StrengthsSubway has successfully market itself as a healthier alternative to traditional greasy fast food. In the press release on 18 November 1999, Subway has listed the seven low-fat subs with 6 grams of fat or less menu offering convenience and good nutrition food products for consumers’ fast-paced lives. This has made Subway as the best fast food choice for consumers who are concerned about eating right; counting calories or trying to eat healthy. Also, according to the press release, Subway is conscious of the dietary needs of vegetarian consumers and offer options for them – Veggie Delite, which is simply a salad sandwich. At Subway, consumers are able to personalize their own submarine sandwich by choosing the type of ingredients, condiments and salad  dressing they wish to have for their sandwiches. The choice of getting the sandwich toasted is available too. This personalized service is not common in most of the fast food restaurants. Besides, unique sides like freshly baked cookies and potato chips are offered instead of the usual mash potatoes, French fries or coleslaw. Generally, the portion served is relatively in comparison to normal burgers. Overall, Subway’s sandwiches are loaded with fresh ingredients that differentiate Subway from its competitors. WeaknessesSubway’s sandwiches tend to become soggy after kept for a period of time without consuming. This will affect the overall tastiness of the sandwich. Such situation happens most frequently to people who do take-away. In addition, Subway’s sandwiches only come in Six-inch or foot-long sizes. This may be considered a relatively large portion to consumers whom may have smaller appetites, especially for the tweens and those younger. Also, Subway’s sandwiches are not Halal Certified. ‘Halal’ is an Arabic word which means lawful or allowable. Any food or drink that falls under this category is permitted for consumption. (Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore 2008) Since subway’s products are not Halal Certified, the affected people would mainly be the Muslims. As a result, Subway may lose such potential consumers, where actually there could be opportunities to tap a global Halal food market of about 1.4 billion people. Hence, stalls with Halal Certification will have a competitive advantage over Subway. (Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore 2008) RECOMMENDATIONS 1.To prevent Sandwiches from becoming soggy easily, Subway can separate Sandwich’s dressing for take-away orders. Thus, the taste of the Sandwiches will not be affected. 2.To overcome the weakness of Sandwiches being a relatively big portion to people with smaller appetites, Subway can introduce smaller sizes of sandwich. Also, even though Subway Singapore does provide kids meal to cater to the tweens and younger crowd, known as â€Å"Kids’ Pak†, when compared to kids meal available in McDonald’s and Burger King, Kids’ Pak is relatively unknown. The image of Kids’ Pak. (Official SUBWAY Restaurants’ Web Site 2008)Kids’ Pak ®, a specially designed meal package for children that includes a  sandwich prepared on a 4-inch round deli-style roll, a fruit roll fruit snack, a 100% juice box and a toy premium. (Subway Singapore 2008) (Is it possible for this paragraph to shift to beside the above pic?)Hence, Subway Singapore should widely advertise on the availability of such kids meal to gain more consumer awareness of the product. This can be done through posters and TV advertising, especially on Kids Central – Singapore’s local channel for kids, where children are the main viewers. This way, it will appeal greatly to them and parents will see the meal as a great option for a healthier meal as fats contained within the Subway’s Kids’ Pak – similar to Subway Fresh Fit for Kids is much lesser than in Kids’ Meal offered by McDonald’s and Burger King. (Subway Fres h Fit n.d.) The Image of Halal Certification (Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore 2008)However, presently, Subway is not able to obtain Halal Certification due to various market, regulatory and business issues. However, Subway still does cater to customers who need a non-pork menu. Subway obliges by recommending them what is suitable in the menu and would change to a fresh pair of gloves to prepare the sandwiches. (Subway Singapore 2008) IN GENERAL, GIVE 5 EXAMPLES OF PACKAGING OR BRANDING WHICH SERVES A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE FOR A FIRM Coke: The packaging of coke not only offers convenience to consumers, but also helps consumer to identify the product easily through its shape and colour – red and white, of the bottle. In addition, the branding of Coke has facilitated the promotion of all same-brand products. Examples are Coke Zero, Coke Light and Vanilla Coke. McDonalds’: The logo ‘M’ is well recognized worldwide which helps speed consumer purchases by identifying the firms’ product. The colour combination of the logo – red and yellow also acts as a tool in identifying its product. Apple: The logo of Apple denotes product quality and a form as status and self-expresion as apple has successfully brand and market itself. According to Gobe, M., â€Å"The power of their branding (Apple) is all that keeps them alive†, where brands have established deep, lasting bonds with their customers. (Kahney 2002) This foster of brand loyalty serves as a competitive advantage over rival firms. KFC: The acronym of Kentucky Fried Chicken makes it easier for consumer to say and spell. It also denotes the product that it’s selling and differentiates the quality of it chicken sold from competing firms. Moreover, the use of ‘Colonel Sanders’ as a mascot/logo further helps in identifying KFC’s product. (Armin. 2006)Nike: Nike has effectively brand itself using a ‘tick’ as its logo. The incorporating of the simple ‘tick’ onto the design of its products makes it distinctive from rival firms. In general, all these brands are widely recognized, where consumers are simply able to relate the brand name and its products. (Need to write conclusion?)Reference List1.Kotler, P., S. Adam, L. Brown, and G. Armstrong. 2006. Principles of Marketing. Australia. Pearson Education Australia. 2.Subway 2008. n.d. About Subway : History. http://www.subway.com.sg/exec/sam/view/id=540/node=206/ (accessed October 2, 2008). 3.Singapore. Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore. 2008. Halal Main Page: Basic Principles. Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. http://www.muis.gov.sg/cms/services/hal.aspx?id=1706 (accessed October 5, 2008)4.Singapore. Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore. 2008. Halal Certification: Halal Certification Benefits. Islamic Religious Council of Singapore. http://www.muis.gov.sg/cms/services/hal.aspx?id=1704 (accessed October 5, 2008)5.Majlis Ugama Islam Singapore [Image]. 2008. http://www.muis.gov.sg/cms/services/hal.aspx?id=1704 (accessed October 5, 2008)6.Subway Singapore. 2008. About us: Subway FAQ’s. http://www.subs.sg/aboutus/aboutus_faq.html7.Subway Singapore. 2008. Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.subway.com.sg/exec/sam/view/id=544/node=294/8.Official SUBWAY Restaurants’ Web Site [Image]. 2008. http://www.subway.com/subwayroot/menunutrition/menu/menu_kidspak.aspx9.Subway Fresh Fit. n.d. Fit Kids: Nutritional Information.

Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Essay Example

Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Essay Example Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Paper Justice Cecilia Munoz Palma High School Paper Essay Topic: High School Background of the Study Soap is an indispensable cleansing agent, assisting people to maintain themselves and their milieus clean. When soap is assorted with H2O, it forms a soapsuds that washes out soil and lubricating oil for better than H2O entirely. Soap can be made on a little graduated table in the place or small town cheaply and easy. The chief ingredients are fats and lye both of which can be made from stuffs found through out the universe. Making soap at place is practical when there is waste fat or oil and when there is no inexpensive beginning of soap. Because of this, the research workers though of happening ways in using Psidium littorale in doing place made soap that can replace commercial soap. Alternatively of purchasing anti-bacterial commercial soap we can utilize place made guava soap. The Psidium littorale was chosen as a replacement ingredient for anti-bacterial commercial soap because it is cheaper non like the commercial anti-bacterial soap. Guava can merely garner in the backyard and it is easy to do. Significance of the Study This survey is important in doing a bathing soap with guava infusion as intervention for acne. This works is really common to our environment, and aside of its handiness ; it is easy to cultivate. It contains many constituents for mending tegument upsets. Scope and restriction This survey is focus merely on how guava infusion ( Psidium guajava Linn ) be effectual in killing micro-organism like Fungi and Bacteria. The survey of Psidium littorale foliages and acquiring their infusion is frequently utile. It has the ability to handle, remedy, disinfect tegument upsets and capable of being a herb tea works for acnes. Statement of Problem It stated that Guava leaves infusion is good for tegument. Based on research, it has many components that is good for tegument. It answers the undermentioned inquiries: 1. Be at that place any components of Psidium littorale foliages that is good for tegument? 2. If it is utile, how long will it take for the users to see complete consequences? Hypothesis Yes, Guava leaves is good intervention for acne. Chapter II EVALUATION, DESIGN AND FRAMEWORK Theoretical Model Conceptual Model Definition of footings

Gangster Rap and Reality essays

Gangster Rap and Reality essays Does gangster music reflect reality or Violence? Gangster or Rap music can be considered a style of art, and a way for the artists to express feelings through their words on paper. However, there are quite a few rap artists that get criticized for their lyrics. I want to discuss why rappers use certain lyrics in their music and why people shouldnt believe that it causes violence among the younger generations and reflects reality. People shouldnt censor the music just because of violent, vulgar and abusive messages it promotes to the world. I believe in my own mind, that there is a reason for these types of lyrics that rap artists use and I will simply explain those reasons. Rap has been called one of the most important music forces to emerge in two decades. Its pounding beats and rhymes exploded on the streets of the urban America in the early 1980s and since have become the theme music and lyrical heart of the vibrant youth culture called hip-hop. There are many different types of rap artist. There are some that talk about money, some talk about righteousness, and the list goes on and on. Every rap artist has their own way of expressing themselves. There are those that talk about sex, drugs, and violence who receive the negative attention. People, think this so- called gangster rap is a bad influence on children in the world and that it promotes violence and that it also is abusive to women. Delores Tucker, head of national congress of black women has been among those pressuring different record companies to stop distributing gangster rap music. There were other significant names that participated in this action. Names like Senate Majority leader Bob dole, and former education Secretary William J. Bennett. There are some rap artists that have been openly criticized for their lyrics. Rappers like Lil Kim, Too Short, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and a member from Too Live Crew,...

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels Research Paper

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels - Research Paper Example However, DMZ is not about Iraq or Afghanistan, but the Manhattan Island (New York City) which is the continental United States while New Jersey and Inland is the Free States of America and the two sides are regarded as the frontlines of American second civil war. In reality, the novel is a comic since Matty Roth does not encounter any guerilla forces or any helicopter attacks. Matty accompanies a veteran journalist to the warfront in order to cover news of the war and soon their helicopter is shot down. Matty is the only survivor and starts writing news, but his reporting is not objective. Matty is not a qualified journalist and is not capable of reporting stories without bias and remaining objective since he advances partisan interests of the Continental American forces and portrays Iraq as evil. The reporting is not accurate, fair and credible since Matty does not provide the details of the sources of his news information and the other perspectives of the war according to the enemy (Kamalipour 20). The reporting is not governed by public interest or truthfulness since the entire information is inaccurate and not about the war in Iraq, but New York City (NYC) which is viewed as the battlefield of America’s second civil war. Matty is one of the best characters and is reporting is full of biasness and propaganda since Matty he does not personally witness any rooftops with phrases like ‘HELP’ or building towers engulfed in fire and smoke (Wood 19). Matty is not impartial since his reporting depicts the Free States as evil and providers undue coverage on the snipers. Matty does not attribute the news stories to their sources, but just provides certain titles of military commanders and fails to conduct private inquiries in order to determine the authenticity of the news (Chomsky 152). Concisely, Matty exaggerates the real struggles of American population such as the economic conditions, the

How Statistics Is Applied in Our Everyday Life and Why It Is Useful Assignment

How Statistics Is Applied in Our Everyday Life and Why It Is Useful - Assignment Example The assignment analyzes the areas where statistical analyses can be applied in everyday life and how to do it in the most effective way. Statistics is defined as a branch of applied mathematics which is concerned with the collection and interpretation of quantitative data, and the use of probability theory to estimate population parameters. It can also be defined as a type of mathematical analysis involving the use of quantified representations, models, and summaries for a given set of empirical data or real-world observations. When used correctly, statistics tell us trends on what happened in the past and can be useful in predicting what will happen in the future. Police around the world in most countries release reports on crimes, mostly annually. These reports give information on whether the crime has reduced or increased over the past year. Crime statistics are collected from records compiled by the police, household survey, and hospital or insurance records. When people fall vic tims of criminal activities, they report to the police who record them down. From the number of reports they receive, they can make a conclusion about the frequencies of the crimes, the type of crime and finally be able to come up with conclusive crime rates. The area where the crime occurred is important because it helps in indicating the crime-prone areas. After analyzing the data they have, the police make a conclusive report which they often release to the public. Inferential statistics are procedures that allow researchers to generalize observations made with samples to the larger population from which they were selected. This is concerned with making predictions about a population from observations. Examples include linear regression and correlation analysis. When used correctly, statistics tell us trends on what happened in the past and can be useful in predicting what will happen in the future. Use of statistics in tackling criminal activities. Police around the world in mos t countries release reports on crimes, mostly annually. These reports give information on whether a crime has reduced or increased over the past year. Crime statistics are collected from records compiled by the police, household survey, and hospital or insurance records. When people fall victims of criminal activities, they report to the police who record them down. From the number of reports they receive, they can make a conclusion about the frequencies of the crimes, the type of crime and finally be able to come up with conclusive crime rates. The area where the crime occurred is important because it helps in indicating the crime-prone areas. After analyzing the data they have, the police make a conclusive report which they often release to the public. The crime rates are useful in determining whether a crime has reduced or increased between two relevant periods. The crime rates reported in different cities help tourists know which precautions to take while visiting these cities, and also which places to avoid while there.  

Advertisements analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertisements analysis - Essay Example According to Fowles, 15 basic brain centers are targeted including the need for sex, affiliation, nurture, etc (18) in order to have the desired impact. Advertising agencies are continually looking for new and fresh ideas that have not been done before and at the same time, are stimulating to the minds of their target audiences. The main aim of an advertisement by appealing to the needs and drives of people is to induce them to respond in a certain way, mostly to make a purchase. While various techniques are employed so as to get the audience’s attention, the most common one has been to trigger an individual’s need for sex. Such Freudian advertising uses an individual’s subconscious sexual desires in order to appeal them. One of the print advertisements to be run in Singapore by Burger King also employed Freudian advertising methods (Steinberg, n.pag.). Though the print advertisement did not display outstanding graphics, imagery, or lighting, it definitely appeal ed to the masses due to the presence of a suggestive model and her sensual pose. It has made use of various graphic elements so as to create the desired effect on its viewers. Therefore, the advertisement successfully brought the food chain giant high sales from its customers. The Burger King Freudian print advertisement did not only use an erotic visual imagery but also contains lewd texts and slogans along with it. The print advertisement shows the Burger King super seven incher sandwich and an amorous model right next to the sandwich. The model has worn bright red lip stick and has an open mouth just to the left of the sandwich depicting a great eating experience. The face expression of the model is intentionally kept such that it demonstrates the â€Å"mind blowing† experience of eating a seven inch Burger King sandwich. To the top right is the Burger King logo followed by its tag line â€Å"It just tastes better† (Steinberg, n.pag.). The photography lighting has b een edited to be darker on the right side of the advertisement which displays the Burger King logo and its seven inch sandwich. Towards the left is the erotic model with an open mouth as if she was going to engulf the delicious seven incher sandwich. The print advertisement seems to have been heavily modified and edited using a computer graphics program in order to adjust the lighting and the various elements of the advertisement. The sandwich is especially shown in great detail so as to trigger a hunger feeling within the viewer of the advertisement, targeting his need basic for the physiological component – food. This induces a person to feel the hunger and hence purchase a Burger King super seven incher sandwich. This tactic effectively attracts the attention of the viewer and creates a desire within him to go and purchase their sandwich thereby bringing Burger King great returns in terms of profits. 2. The Burger King print advertisement has made use of various visual ele ments to motivate them to buy the delicious super seven incher sandwich. The sandwich is deliberately positioned to the right side where it is easily viewable by the audiences. The photography has particularly captured a fresh and juicy sandwich that is sure to induce a strong feeling of hunger. In case the viewer is already hungry, the picture of a supersized sandwich would conjure up images of a hearty Burger King meal. In particular, the advertisement is trying to focus on the â€Å"mind blowing† aspect of the sandwich. The picture of the sandwich deliberately shows quite a lot of detail about the sandwich including its ingredients and other additives. An individual can notice the sauce dripping down the sides and other tempting ingredients. The lighting is relatively darker

Autobiographical Film vs Autobiographical Prose Essay Example for Free

Autobiographical Film vs Autobiographical Prose Essay Autobiographical film, like prose, is filled with the memories of the major events in ones life. In prose, authors give detailed descriptions of their past, while in film directors are able to employ visuals and the use of song and voice-over to illustrate someone elses life or his or her own. Autobiographies are supposed to portray ones life truthfully and accurately; however, most contain stretched truths and over-dramatized events or emotions. In the film medium there is more opportunity for fiction than in prose. Jonathan Caouettes Tarnation and Agnes Vardas The Beaches of Agnes are two differing documentaries that explore this idea. Throughout these two documentaries the directors make use of visuals and sound effects to elicit an emotional reaction from the viewers. The use of these effects allows the audience to better understand how the director remembers a certain event and how it affects them. One of the frequently used elements in documentaries is re-enactment. While this can be helpful in portraying an event, if you dont have real footage it allows for over dramatization and interpretation from the actor playing the role. The actor can listen to how the director wants it to be however they could never fully portray the event truthfully because they were not present for the actual event. This allows for major discrepancies in the retelling of ones past. In a review of Tarnation Michael Bronski discusses how the extent of horrific psychic and medical destruction here is overwhelming (if not based on fact, Tarnation would play like a second rate John Waters film). The reality of the film reminds audiences of the fragility of life and how quickly things can change. Bronski goes on to discuss how the facts of Tarnation really give the film power, emphasizing the idea that truth can evoke just as powerful a reaction as a manipulated re-enactment. Using re-enactments in autobiographical film can force the audience to wonder about the level of truth in a scene. Has the scene been manipulated because it was more entertaining than the actual event or did the actor allow his or her own interpretation of the event to seep through and create an entirely new scene? Caouette filmed the majority of his life; therefore, the use of re-enactment was unnecessary. This almost constant day to day filming really helped to capture the essence of Jonathans life and how he viewed everything that was happening. Though Caouette filmed almost every day, the film wasnt presented in raw form. Tarnation was edited down and pieced together. Throughout the film there were moments where editing was more obvious than others. Specifically the scene where Jonathan is on the phone with someone from the hospital. He is checking on his mothers condition after a Lithium overdose. In between the scenes of that phone conversation there is a clip of him vomiting. The audience later learns that this is because he is severely ill as a result of the stress. When this scene is shown, the sounds of him vomiting are hear but visually it looks as though he is simply coughing into the toilet. This leads the viewer to believe that perhaps this was placed there for dramatic effect. Another example would be the way the entire first scene is presented. It is clear the phone conversation has been cut and spliced. One scene is of Jonathan completely crumbling emotionally from the news of his mothers health, it lasts only for a second and then in the following scene hes completely collected and calm. It is evident that it is being presented to evoke a specific reaction from the audience rather then presenting it truthfully as it actually happened. Fiction can also find its way into autobiographic film in that people behave differently when in front of a camera. They might see it necessary to put on a show rather than be themselves because of their discomfort with being documented. In many scenes when Jonathan is filming Renee she becomes very excited and begins to behave in a way that makes her look as if she is acting for the camera instead of just being herself. Another example of altered behavior because of the presence of the camera would be when Jonathan confronts his grandfather Adolph about his decision for Renee to undergo shock therapy. Adolph becomes very defensive and begins to close himself off because of the camera. He says to Jonathan Take that away, take that away, I dont want to be photographed by him. People begin to worry more about the way they come across once they realize that they are being closely watched and documented. In Agnes Vardas The Beaches of Agnes, Varda uses quite a few re-enactments to illustrate scenes from her childhood. Haden Guest discusses Beaches in Emotion Picture. She focuses mostly on her style as she recreated the memorable moments of her past. Guest writes, The re-creation of childhood memories in evocatively restaged family photographs to the more abstract recreation of Varda and her crew assembling a fragile, open-air gallery of mirrors on a gusty beach. Audiences either find these recreations of past events helpful in gaining a better understanding of Vardas life or somewhat dishonest and overly staged. Again, re-enactments sort of lose the truth and allow the director to manipulate the audience into feeling one way about whatever it is they are presenting. Varda also chose to include footage of her and the crew working on the film, however its left up to the audience to decide whether this is a moment of authenticity or yet another staged manipulation for entertainment sake. Throughout Agnes Vardas film she has many imaginative scenes. There are scenes of her staring blankly into the camera and walking backwards through places she once lived. Though this is in the film to illustrate that she is going backwards in time to tell her story it takes way from the portrayal of her story. Its included in the film for an artistic purpose rather than for one of truth and accuracy. In one scene her friend Chris Marker appears in the image of a cat and his voice is distorted to sound like a robot of sorts in a staged conversation with Varda. This scene, among many others, seems very whimsical and far from what actually took place in her past. Aside from fictitious imaginative scenes, The Beaches of Agnes strays from the autobiographical film genre, in that when Varda explores her past she ends up becoming more interested in something that she discovers on this journey that has nothing to do with her story. When she returns to her childhood home she becomes fascinated with the elderly doctor who now owns it rather than focusing on the life she lived there. In his review on Beaches, Haden Guest writes †¦the film frequently wanders away from its purported subject in order to learn more about the various people encountered along the way. Its as if she is making two movies, one about her past and the other about the people she met on the journey to making the film, but attempting to put them all into one. It seems the goal of The Beaches of Agnes is not to serve as a confessional narrative but an exploration into her past with a focus on the people she encountered rather than on herself. In film it is very easy for fiction to slip in and take control for entertainment value, whereas in prose there is a lesser opportunity. Both Jonathan Caouette and Agnes Vardas styles of filming allow for fiction, whether it be through editing, reenactment or other elements of film. Each of these directors classify their films in the autobiographical genre which means their films should present their lives truthfully and accurately. However, in both films it is clear that each director has manipulated footage or used reenactments to present their lives in a different way. Neither film is one hundred percent truthful. These films should not contain over dramatizations or stretched truths. When tackling the genre of autobiographical film it is important to portray oneself and ones story in an honest light.

Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries

Role of Traditional Medicine in Third World Countries Overview According to the National Aboriginal Health Organisation (NAHO, 2003), the term traditional was introduced by the British during the colonial era and often rejected by many indigenous peoples. Authorities in the industrialised world used the term traditional medicine to distinguish between Western medicine and medical knowledge and practices that were local to indigenous tribes in Africa, South East Asia and other parts of the third world. Today traditional medicine is also referred to as Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Chronic social, economic and political problems in many third world countries means that the vast majority of their populations have little or no access to modern medical resources. By contrast, traditional medicine is often available to the masses and may constitute the only available health care resource. This essay discusses the role of traditional medicine as an essential resource in the third world, with specific reference to Nigeria and Pakistan. Traditional Medicine There is no universally accepted and unambiguous definition of traditional medicine, largely because of differences in culture, language, and medical products and practices across the third world. However, the World Health Organisation defines traditional medicine as health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or maintain well-being (WHO, 2003). Traditional medicine generally refers to any medicinal knowledge and practices that arent within the domain of modern day Western medicine. Like modern medicine the ultimate goal of the traditional healer is to improve the well being of individuals who present with some undesirable physical or psychological malady (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). However, traditional medicine is unique in that improvements in well-being may incorporate spiritual healing, an d whereas western medicine largely relies on science-based knowledge and procedures, traditional medicine is based on local rituals, herbs, and superstitions indigenous to the local community (NAHO, 2003). Traditional medicine may incorporate different fields of expertise. NAHO (2003) identifies several types of specialists, including the spiritualist, herbalist, medicine man/woman, and healer. Spiritualists specialise in spiritual healing, for example by communicating with dead ancestors and performing ritualised sacrifices (e.g. killing a chicken). They often enjoy a certain degree of authority within local communities, serving as mentors for individuals or families. Herbalists are perhaps equivalent to pharmacists and pharmacologists in western medicine. They are experts on the medicinal properties of local plants and are typically called upon to prepare various medicinal concoctions to cure specific ailments. Such preparations may be in the form of a meal, drink, or even special soap for bathing. Healers are individuals with a natural talent for healing, often through spiritual or other means, perhaps similar to the psychic in Western society. Indeed, there seems to be a high degre e of overlap between healers, and spiritualists, albeit this is debatable and culture-specific. Finally, the medicine man/woman is a traditional healer usually involved in ceremonial activity, such as a funeral. They often carry a lot of material effects, such as mysterious ‘bundles’, bones, and other effects. Chronic shortages of modern health care resources in the third world has led to renewed interest in the role that CAM could play in reducing premature morbidity and mortality. Health care in the third word Populations living in third world countries are plagued by a variety of health problems. These include childbirth problems such as low birth weight (Arif Arif, 1999), nutritional problems, notably malnutrition, hypoglycaemia and hypothermia (Bhan et al, 2003), kidney disease (SantaCruz, 2003), degenerative psychiatric illnesses such as Hodgkin’s disease (Hu et al, 1988), hypertension (Galie Rubin, 2004), tobacco-related illness (Tomlinson, 1997), and so on. The prevailing economic, political, social and environmental conditions arent ideal for maintaining good health (Cooper, 1984). Socio-economic inequalities caused by flawed economic policies and political corruption has meant that modern medicine is beyond the reach of the suffering masses. Environmental decadence manifests in poor sanitary conditions, itself a result (at least in part) of weak economic infrastructure, and political leadership. Governments in many third world countries often spend only a fraction of their gross domestic product (GDP) on health care, so that there is a chronic shortage of both primary and secondary health resources such as clinics, hospitals, staff, and drugs. Health care policies are either absent, inadequate or poorly implemented. Lack of adequate funding stifles research and development, not withstanding positive side effects like increased creativity (Coloma Harris, 2004). These deplorable conditions have persisted despite massive financial investment by the World Bank. The organisation pays out an estimated $28 billion annually to third world countries, some of which is meant be used for the development of adequate health infrastructure (Pinker, 2000). But this has had little effect, partly because of government corruption, political instability, and crippling national debts. Moreover, technological change is so rapid that investment in essential medical equipment is not viable, unless there is a regular cash flow to finance replacements (Coloma Harris, 2004). Much has been written about the problem of ‘brain drain’ in which locally trained professionals flee their under-resourced and decaying health care systems to take up more lucrative jobs abroad (Fisher, 2003; Latif, 2003; Levy, 2003). Then there is the capitalist constraint. Private companies in the West that provide health services, pharmaceuticals, equipment, and other medical re sources need to make a profit to stay in business. This means selling products to their clients (governments, health service organisations, the general public) at a cost-effective price, which third world countries simply cannot afford. Getting private companies to sell their health services and products at a loss, for example by provide cheap or free drugs, often requires government intervention and corporate will (Enserink, 2000), both of which are often lacking. In the midst of such adversity traditional medicine may provide the only viable source of health care. Nigeria Modern health care in Nigeria incorporates primary care provided by local government and privately owned clinics, secondary care dispensed by hospitals, and tertiary services (e.g. orthopaedics, psychiatry) provided by specialist hospitals (WHO, 2002-2007). Like many third world countries the health infrastructure is severely under funded, with chronic equipment and staff shortages (Kadiri, 2005). Brain drain is a constant problem (Levy, 2003), and adequate health care is expensive and hence beyond the reach of the masses (WHO, 2002-2007). Traditional medicine operates side-by-side with modern health care. Most Nigerians have access to traditional healers, or medicine men’, especially in the rural areas where people lack local health infrastructure and transportation to travel to the nearest clinic or hospital. Thus, CAM is the only health resource available to most Nigerians (Mpyet et al, 2005). Nigeria is actually a melting pot of over 300 different tribes[1], with remarkabl y different languages, cultures, lifestyles, religions and traditional governments (at local level). Thus, the practice of traditional medicine is quite varied across the country. Nevertheless, most medicine men are considered experts in the preparation and administration of various herbal medicines, and the prognosis for patients is often good. The use of herbal drugs remains very popular, especially amongst the older generation and/or less educated. Recent evidence suggests that some Nigerians are suspicious of modern medical procedures and consequently fail to utilise services to which they have access. Raufu (2002) and Pincock (2004) both document a recent health crises in northern Nigeria in which parents refused to get their kids vaccinated against poliomyelitis. There was considerable scepticism about the vaccination campaign, with many parents fearing their children may become infected with the HIV, or worse become infertile, irrespective of what the health officials said. This incident seems to mirror a subtle nation-wide cultural shift towards traditional medicine. For example, there have been calls for traditional healers to be involved in making referrals to secondary care services, along side professional medical doctors (Mpyet et al, 2005). The WHO has specifically encouraged research on traditional medicine in Nigeria, and the National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD), located in Abuja, the capital city, has been identified as a possible location for such research. The NIPRD was set up to conduct research projects designed to improve, refine, and modernise traditional medicine, especially in terms of herbal remedies. The institute has successfully developed some herbal medicines including NIPRD AM-1, a herbal extract for treating malaria. In other parts of the country steps have been taken to blend traditional medicine with modern medical procedures. The Fantsuam Foundation (IHDC, 2003), a womens group founded in 1996 and based in northern Nigeria with over 80,000 members, was set up to help rural women fight their way out of poverty. This organisation is not profit oriented, works in collaboration with local government, and uses modern computer resources, such as electronic commerce. The foundation recognises the value of CAM especially amongst women living in poor communities, and works to reconcile traditional practices with modern medicine. Women in this part of the country are plagued by a variety of health problems ranging from minor ailments (e.g. back pains) to more serious conditions (e.g. HIV/AIDS). Thus, there is an ever-present demand for appropriate health care. Traditional healers are very active, using various emollients and herbs to treat patients. More encouragingly, the Foundations’ work in th e community has highlighted several interesting points concerning the modernisation of traditional medicine. These include the following; Some aspects of traditional medicine can be improved for better health service provision; Traditional healers are open to modernisation initiatives provided there is a sense of partnership and intellectual property rights are protected; Traditional medicine as a body of knowledge can be preserved while simultaneously opening it up to reforms. Overall, the value of traditional medicine as a widely available health resource is universally recognised in Nigeria. Pakistan Pakistan like other third world countries suffers from an under funded and under-resourced modern health care system. Poverty-related health problems are rife, including low birth weight (Bhutta et al, 2004), hepatitis (Yusufzai, 2004), sexually transmitted diseases (Wallerstein, 1998) and high infant mortality and malnutrition (Abbasi, 1999). The health care system is dichotomised into the public and private sectors. The former incorporates a mixture of mostly unregulated private hospitals, clinics, and traditional healers, while the public sector is made up of government run hospitals, mostly in very poor condition (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Overall, Pakistan’s health service system does not compare favourably with its neighbours. Poverty, illiteracy and poor sanitation, as well as political instability compound the problem, with infant mortality and infectious disease particularly problematic (Abbasi, 1999; Zaidi et al, 2004). Historically CAM has been a permanent part of the health care landscape in Pakistan, practised in the form of Unani, Ayurvedic and homeopathic systems (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Unani medicine entails the use of natural resources normally found in the body, such as clean and fresh water, whereas Ayurveda remedies are sensitive to a womans natural rhythms and cycles. There is particular emphasis in Pakistan on the use of plant-based traditional medicines, albeit animal based products are sometimes used. In the midst of chronic and widespread socio-economic deprivation more and more Pakistanis are turning to traditional healers for their health care (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Local ‘hakeems’, religious leaders and medicine men regularly dispense traditional therapies. These individuals enjoy considerable public trust and respect, especially in the rural areas, and patients regularly present with a wide range of medical conditions including gynaecological problems. According to Jafry (1999) traditional medicine was officially acknowledged in Pakistan under the Unani, Ayurvedic and Homeopathic Practitioners’ Act of 1965. The practice of homeopathy in particular has become well established, with increases in the number of homeopathic (privately owned) schools, especially after the Homeopathic Board and National Council for Homeopath y (NCH) was set up. Currently there is an abundance of homeopathic clinics, pharmaceutical companies, and other related organisations in Pakistan. Interestingly, despite these advances Pakistan continues to import homeopathic medicines in large quantities and local drug prices remain high. Consequently many Pakistanis cannot afford homeopathic treatment. Like the modern health care system which is heavily under funded ((Abbasi, 1999), homeopathic medicine remains crippled by under investment (Jafry, 1999). Despite these drawbacks, CAM as a whole remains more accessible than modern health resources, and constitutes an indispensable resource for the vast majority of the population (Shaikh Hatcher, 2005). Exploitation NAHO (2003) has identified a number of important concerns that need to be recognised if CAM is to be successfully integrated with modern medicine in developing nations. Firstly it is essential to recognise the important role played by the elderly, who form the bulk of spiritual healers and medicine men. Less common in Western culture, high reverence for elders in many third world countries is a major reason traditional medicine enjoys considerable public endorsement. Secondly, there is the risk of exploitation by unscrupulous western private enterprise. In particular it would be wholly inappropriate in a cash economy for a private pharmaceutical company, concerned about making a quick profit, to offer symbolic but worthless gifts to a traditional healer in return for valuable knowledge on local medicines, ointments and herbs. Thirdly, there is the issue of intellectual property rights. These must be protected under any circumstances, again to avoid unfair exploitation and profiteerin g by private companies. Health care funding provided to third world governments by the WHO, World Bank, and other financial organisations should be conditional on the establishment and implementation of satisfactory protective policies. For example independent (e.g. WHO) officials can be used to supervise contracts that are drawn up between private enterprises and traditional healer groups. Conclusions As early as 1984 Cooper argued that Western medicine might not really be suitable for the third world (Cooper, 1984). Despite the rapid spread of modern medicine CAM remains an indispensable resource for providing adequate health care to the majority of individuals living in these countries. Socio-economic and political problems have severely limited access to modern health care. However, considerable progress has being made towards harness the potential of traditional medicine, for example by allowing traditional healers to make hospital referrals. Both the WHO and World Bank seem committed to promoting the development of CAM. Given the complexity and variability of health provision across the third world it may be necessary to tailor health care reform to the peculiar requirements of each country (Buch, 2005). Traditional medicine is firmly rooted in local culture and customs (NAHO, 2003), and therefore traditional health protocols cannot be generalised across nations. Additionally , concerns about equality, protection rights, and other ethical issues need to be addressed. References Abbasi, K. (1999) The World Bank and world health Focus on South Asia II: India and Pakistan British Medical Journal, 318, pp.1132-1135 Arif, M.A. Arif, K. (1999) Low birthweight babies in the third world: maternal nursing versus professional nursing care, Journal of Tropical Paediatrics, 45, pp.278 – 280. Bhan, M.K., Bhandari, N. Bahl, R. (2003) Management of the severely malnourished child: perspective from developing countries. British Medical Journal, 326, pp.146 151 Bhutta, Z.A., Khan, I., Salat, S., Raza., F. Ara, H. (2004) Reducing length of stay in hospital for very low birthweight infants by involving mothers in a stepdown unit: an experience from Karachi (Pakistan). British Medical Journal, 329, pp.1151 1155 Buch, E. (2005) The future of health care in Africa. British Medical Journal. 331, pp.1-2. Coloma, J. Harris, E. (2004) Innovative low cost technologies for biomedical research and diagnosis in developing countries. British Medical Journal, 329, pp.1160- 1162 Cooper, J.A.D. 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